Preheat the oven to 350°F (175°C).
In a large skillet, brown the ground beef over medium heat until fully cooked, about 5-7 minutes.
Add diced onion and minced garlic to the skillet; sauté until softened, about 3-5 minutes.
Stir in the black beans, tomato sauce, cumin, and chili powder. Simmer for 5 minutes, allowing flavors to meld.
In a greased 9x13 inch baking dish, spread a layer of the beef mixture at the bottom.
Layer one-third of the tortilla quarters over the beef mixture, followed by a sprinkle of cheese.
Repeat the layers with beef, tortillas, and cheese two more times, finishing with a top layer of cheese.
Cover the dish with aluminum foil and bake for 25 minutes.
Remove the foil and bake for an additional 15 minutes until the cheese is bubbly and golden.
Let the casserole sit for 10 minutes before serving to allow it to set up.
Top with sour cream, diced jalapeños, and fresh cilantro as desired before serving.